Genetic diseases are hall marks of various diseases such as cancer, mental retardation, birth defects and neurodegenerative diseases. Identifying genomic alterations and the genes they contain will provide molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy. Clinical laboratories have increasingly adopted next generation sequencing (NGS) as a standard for the diagnosis of hereditary disorders. NGS methods can be used to detect either germline or somatic mutations. The use of PCR-based or hybridization-based enrichment strategies, clinical analysis on a single gene, multi-gene panels, or all known protein coding genes (exome sequencing) will be applied. The validity and utility of NGS-based panel testing has been demonstrated for a wide range of conditions including: hearing loss, vision loss, cardiovascular disorders, renal disorders, neurologic disorders, and cancer predispositions. Comparative Genome Hybridization (CGH) is a technique used in cytogenetic laboratories using chromosome metaphase spreads. Array CGH greatly improves the resolution of the technique by substituting metaphase spreads with genomic fragments or clones spotted in a microarray format. This method enables scanning and analysis of whole genome in a single experiment. This array CGH is easily amenable to automation and cheaper to perform. Until NGS became available array CGH is one of the most powerful toll in diagnostic test in clinical pathology. Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) method enables preparation of genomic DNA from rear and valuable samples like blood, fine needle aspirations, biopsies and archival samples. Development of novel methods for fast, sensitive and reliable RNA quantification has recently got increasing attention. Conventional methods for RNA analysis, like Northern and slot blot hybridization are in general time consuming, laborious and allow only relative quantification within a narrow concentration range. More novel methods for RNA analysis e.g. RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR are highly sensitive, but also slightly susceptible to experimental interferences. Sandwich Hybridization Assays (SHA) from crude cell samples or in connection to PCR have been extensively used in clinical diagnostics for detection of nucleic acids from bacteria, viruses, gene mutations and for cell typing. The presentation will discuss on the use of these genomics based diagnostic methods in health and disease.

Exploration in the field of epigenetics has unveiled the significance of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) in normal development and disease. Our research identified PRMT7 as a promising target for enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in melanoma (Srour et al., 2022, Cell Reports 38(13):110582). To investigate if PRMT7 plays a role in the tumor microenvironment especially in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we bred PRMT7FL/FL mice with CD4-Cre mice (CKO) to generate PRMT7 deficient T cells. PRMT7 CKO mice exhibited a substantial increase in peripheral CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells. These CD8+ T cells had an enhanced T cell effector memory-like phenotype as assessed by CD44, CD62L expression. Interestingly, PRMT7 CKO mice exhibited reduced melanoma growth following subcutaneous injection of B16.F10 cells. Ex vivo stimulation of PRMT7 CKO CD8+ T cells with αCD3 and αCD28 resulted in increased proliferation compared to control CD8+ T cells. To replicate PRMT7 depletion observed in the CKO model, we developed novel VHL-ligand coupled PROTAC inhibitors targeting PRMT7. Notably, PRMT7-deficient CD8+ T cells, whether derived from CKO mice or wild-type mice treated with PRMT7 PROTACs, exhibited enhanced melanoma cytotoxic activity in vitro. Transcriptomic analysis of PRMT7-deficient CD8+ T cells revealed multiple alternative splicing defects and upregulation of the NF-kB pathway. Our findings identify a crucial function for PRMT7 in regulating the function of CD8+ T cells and further justify the need to therapeutically target PRMT7 in immune-based therapies.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved clinical treatment with minimal invasiveness for different types of cancers. It has the advantage of high selectivity towards tumour tissue, and lack of severe and systemic complications, with the possibility of harmless repetitive applications. Its mechanism of action involves activation of a photosensitizer (PS) by an appropriate monochromatic laser beam, with long wavelength for deeper tissue penetration. Chlorophylls are photosynthetic pigments present in all organisms that convert light energy into chemical energy. The tetrapyrrolic ring structure of chlorophylls show high level of light absorption in the red region of visible light. Activation of chlorophyllin derivatives results into generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause tumour cells toxicity and subsequent tumour regression. Therefore, PDT has been used for targeting several accessible tumours. It has been also used in treatment of precancerous and cancerous dermatological diseases. In our studies, we were able to prove the distinctive role of chlorophyllin derivatives as highly efficient photosensitizers at PDT approaches. In comparison to the conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, no major alterations to the normal physiological condition have been detected. Additionally, successful PDT approaches in tumour cells killing were also achieved via liposomal delivery system of chlorophyllin derivatives at both in vitro and in vivo models. Mechanisms underlying PDT mediated tumour cells killing and in vivo tumour regression have been also investigated. Successful development of an efficient drug delivery system for improved tissue permeation has been also conducted in an established murine dermatological tumour model for possible future clinical applications.

Healthcare transformation involves the state of the entire society in terms of knowledge and expertise building, career placement, and service level. With advanced management, innovative thinking, emotional intelligence, and effective communication techniques, there is a remarkable and progressive improvement in the healthcare services provided, along with a straightforward approach to diagnosis. Health care around the world offers a high-quality life and advances. We must think, design, and implement novel approaches to educate the health workforce development, which will lead to quality achievement in patient treatment and care, including the following:
1. Teaching, Learning, and Practice.
2. Societies, System, and Structure.
3. Technology, Innovation, and Stimulation.
4. Creativity and Emotional Intelligence.
5. Effective Communication Skills.
6. Improved health care through open change.

The human central nervous system (CNS) has a limited capacity for regeneration and repair, as many other organs do. Partly as a result, neurological diseases are the leading cause of medical burden globally. Most neurological disorders cannot be cured, and primary treatments focus on managing their symptoms and slowing down their progression. The roles of individual cell types in neurodegenerative pathology are being uncovered by genetic and single-cell studies. Cell therapy for neurological disorders offers several therapeutic potentials and provides hope for many patients. Here we provide a general overview of cell therapy in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, especially for one of the rare disorders: Wilson's disease (WD) , involving many forms of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent (iPSC) stem cells. The authors also address the current concerns and perspectives for the future. Most studies for cell therapy in neurological diseases are in the pre-clinical stage, and there is still a great need for further research to translate neural replacement and regenerative therapies into clinical settings, as well as Traditional Chinese Medicines and Alternative Medicines.

Cell treatment: AD

Cell treatment: PD

Cell treatment: WD rare disease

Cell treatment: Stroke

Alternative Medicine and Cell treatment.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease responsible of millions of deaths every year. Patients suffering from DM are confronted with severe complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular ailments, and kidney failures. Unfortunately, the existing drug artillery being used for DM management suffer from multiple side-effects thereby necessitating the need to develop new potent compounds with improved pharmacological profiles.

Molecular hybridization (MH) has recently emerged as a promising technique to develop new molecular assemblies. This technique involves an amalgamation of two or more pharmacophoric entities in single molecular architecture. The resulted molecular hybrids in most cases have been reported to display superior efficacy with respect to their parent scaffolds attributed to its ability to target multiple targets or allosteric binding. Accordingly, we employed MH to prepare a variety of molecular hybrids of medicinally significant heterocyclic pharmacophoric moieties to design and synthesize novel molecular hybrids, characterized them via 1H, 13C and 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques and tested their antdiabetic potential by inhibiting two carbohydrate-digesting enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) which are implicated in catalytic break down of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars including glucose thereby leading to a high level of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia). For instance, a thiazolidinone-thiadiazole molecular hybrid prepared via a multicomponent reaction exhibited dual mode of inhibition with an IC50 value of 2.5mM. In silico molecule docking simulations further revealed the participation of both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction in its stabilization with the target enzymes. Similarly, the molecular hybrid of quinoline with oxadiazole exhibited superior activity to Acarbose (an antidiabetic drug) by showing selectivity towards α-glucosidase and was found to be noncompetitive binder of the enzyme based on the enzyme kinetic studies.

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) exhibits significant genetic heterogeneity that impacts patient responses to R-CHOP chemotherapy. While some patients respond well, others face poor outcomes due to distinct genetic subtypes affecting drug efficacy. Recognizing the necessity for personalized treatment, this in silico study aimed to investigate how genetic profiling and multi-omic approaches could enhance the identification of prognostic biomarkers and help stratify DLBCL patients for improved therapeutic responses.

A narrative review assessed existing biomarkers in DLBCL and their impact on treatment stratification. We searched the IntOGen database to find genes that are altered and linked to DLBCL, and we succeeded in examining mutation frequencies utilizing GnomAD. The Cancer Genome Interpreter was then used to identify drugs linked to DLBCL-altered genes, contextualizing pharmacological guidance based on subtype-specific vulnerabilities.

Our results demonstrate the practical application of genetic profiling of DLBCL subtypes in significantly improving treatment outcomes. Clinical trials have shown that patients who are subtyped and receive tailored pharmacological therapies have notably higher complete recovery rates and reduced relapse rates compared to non-subtyped patients within the same cohort. This evidence supports the effectiveness of treatment strategies, especially for high-risk subtypes that exhibit chemoresistance.

Our analysis revealed statistically significant variations in allele frequency for specific gene alterations across different ethnic groups, underscoring the importance of ancestry-based stratification. However, we also identified a pressing need for research that includes diverse populations, as standard therapies developed primarily from Caucasian cohorts may not be effective for non-Caucasian patients. This aspect of our research has the potential to address healthcare disparities and improve patient outcomes.

Marine resources are commonly used in biomedical and tissue engineering applications due to their multifunctionality. Taking full use of shells, tunicates, and chitosan derived from marine, functional biomaterials have been developed.

Regarding marine shells, both organic and inorganic phases were fully utilized. Firstly, hydroxyapatite (HAP) of different sizes and shapes with specific surface area had been prepared, using in anti-tumor drug carriers and adsorbents. And this good calcium sources were combined with 3D printed scaffolds and bone cements, giving them good mechanical properties and bone induction performance. Secondly, water-soluble matrix with antibacterial and remineralization effects were successfully extracted from abalone shells by ultrasound-assisted water extraction, which has been used in tooth mineralization. For tunicates, tunicate cellulose nanocrystals (TCNCs) with high strength, modulus, and aspect ratios were extracted, and were used as the reinforcing phase to construct multifunctional tissue repair materials including bone cements and hemostasis sponges. In the development of in-situ scaffolds based on chitosan, a series of nanohybrid scaffolds were successfully prepared by pH-responsive solubility of chitosan and the formation conditions of HAP under alkaline conditions. The surface groups of chitosan regulated the process of in-situ formation of HAP with evenly distribution, and the bone defects were effectively repaired by the scaffolds.

In summary, marine resources hold high potential, a series of marine biomaterials for bone repair, drug carriers, tooth mineralization, and adsorbents were successfully prepared, not only achieving high-value utilization of these resources, but also providing broad application prospects.

Multiscale brain networks play a critical role in diagnosing brain disorders by revealing the hierarchical organization of brain function and connectivity.

However, existing approaches, such as multi-atlas methods, often fall short in accurately capturing these complex networks across different spatial and temporal scales.

This limitation can result in insufficient representations of brain connectivity, leading to potential diagnostic inaccuracies.

To address this challenge, we introduce the Multiscale Brain Graph Transformer (BrainMGT), a novel framework that captures the hierarchical structure of brain connectivity across multiple spatial and temporal scales.

BrainMGT models brain networks at three spatial levels—microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale—while preserving their modularity and interconnectivity. Additionally, it incorporates multiple temporal scales (fast, intermediate, and slow) to estimate brain connectivity, rather than relying solely on a single temporal scale derived from blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals.

By leveraging self-attention and cross-attention mechanisms, BrainMGT effectively extracts and integrates features both within and between these scales, generating fine-to-coarse feature representations that significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy.

We validate BrainMGT on three real-world functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets. The results demonstrate that BrainMGT outperforms existing methods in diagnosing neurological disorders, providing a more robust and precise approach to understanding brain function and connectivity.

HIV continues to disproportionately affect men, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa, where social and cultural factors often discourage health-seeking behaviors.

Traditional narratives surrounding masculinity—emphasizing strength, independence, and stoicism—discourage men from seeking HIV testing, treatment, and care, with significant consequences for both individual and public health.

In this lecture, I will explore the need to shift the narrative around men and HIV by challenging restrictive gender norms and promoting health-seeking behaviors as signs of strength, not weakness.

I will discuss strategies such as redefining masculinity, leveraging peer-led programs, creating male-friendly healthcare services, and engaging women as allies in promoting male health. Additionally, the role of policy changes in creating an enabling environment for men to access HIV services will be highlighted.

By transforming societal attitudes and healthcare systems, men can be empowered to take responsibility for their health and engage more fully in HIV prevention, treatment, and care. The lecture will draw on global examples where successful interventions have led to increased male engagement in HIV services, offering practical insights for shifting the narrative and improving health outcomes.

Ultimately, this shift is essential for reducing the HIV burden among men and advancing progress toward ending the epidemic.

In recent years, metal nanoparticles offer promising prospects in different fields.

By bridging the gap between traditional knowledge and modern agricultural innovation, this research endeavors to harness the intrinsic potential of indigenous flora like the UAE native plant to address contemporary nutritional challenges and contribute to the promotion of sustainable food systems in the UAE and beyond.

The synthesis of nanoparticles using naturally occurring reagents such as vitamins, sugars, plant extracts as reductants may provide a potential for nanotechnology.

Plant-based extracts seem to be the best candidates, and they are suitable for large-scale biosynthesis of nanoparticles.

Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the green synthesis of nanoparticles from native UAE plant, and explore their efficacy on human cancer cells.

The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various spectral studies including FT-IR, SEM, HR-TEM and XR.

The anticancer potential of the obtained nanoparticles was also studied against different cancer cell lines.

The results revealed that the biosynthesized nanoparticles using different UAE native plant- leaf aqueous extract has significant antioxidant and anticancer potential on human cancer cells and can be used in biological applications.

In conclusion, metal nanoparticles hold potential for revolutionizing and promoting sustainability and have anticancer potential.

Irreversible vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis often results from excitotoxicity caused by overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.

This process induces excessive calcium (Ca²⁺) influx, affecting proteins such as Calpain-1, Cabin-1, and Calcineurin and triggering apoptotic pathways involving BAX, Caspase-3, and BCL.

This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of Philanthotoxin-343 (PhTX-343) against NMDA-induced retinal and optic nerve damage in rats.

Rats were divided into three groups: PBS (control), NMDA, and PhTX-343 pre-treatment (administered 24 hours before NMDA).

Visual behavior was assessed seven days post-treatment, followed by histological and molecular analyses of retinal and optic nerve tissues.

The NMDA group showed significant retinal thinning, loss of cell nuclei in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), reduced Brn3A (RGC marker) expression, and disrupted protein levels—elevated Calpain, Calcineurin, BAX, and Caspase-3, with decreased Cabin-1 and BCL—compared to the PBS group (p < 0.05).

Behaviorally, NMDA exposure resulted in hyperactivity, reduced immobility, and impaired novel object recognition (p < 0.05).

PhTX-343 pre-treatment preserved retinal and optic nerve morphology, resembling the PBS group.

Brn3A-positive RGCs were significantly higher than in the NMDA group (p < 0.05) and comparable to controls (p > 0.05). Protein levels in the PhTX-343 group were normalized, with lower Calpain, Calcineurin, BAX, and Caspase-3, and higher Cabin-1 and BCL compared to the NMDA group (p < 0.05).

Visual performance in PhTX-343-treated rats improved significantly, with behavior akin to the PBS group (p > 0.05).

In conclusion, PhTX-343 protects against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity by modulating calcium-related and apoptotic proteins, preserving retinal and optic nerve integrity, and restoring visual function in rats.

The rapid changes in today’s world are significantly impacting individuals' well-being. The rise in societal crises, including tensions, wars, terrorism, poverty, and job market instability, is contributing to increased stress and emotional instability. Many individuals experience a chronic stress response in their brain and body, which weakens their immune system, making them more vulnerable to mental and physical illnesses. This vulnerability also increases susceptibility to the long-term effects of diseases, behavioral challenges, and addictive disorders. The combined impact of chronic stress and risky behaviors inflicts substantial harm on the body and exacerbates social issues. Stress hormones such as epinephrine, adrenaline, and cortisol are consistently activated under prolonged stress. For instance, when we think of something stressful, cortisol levels rise. As cortisol rises, secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)—a critical component of immune defense—declines, leaving us more susceptible to infections. This connection demonstrates how excessive worry can lead to physical illness. This presentation aims to increase awareness and understanding of the effects of stress on well-being. Our goal is to emphasize the importance of recognizing well-being indicators and the critical role of social and emotional support. For example, fostering family support, nurturing relationships, ensuring physical protection and safety through appropriate regulations, and providing developmentally appropriate opportunities can serve as essential building blocks for cognitive, motor, language, emotional, and social skills development.

Purpose: Inflammations of the upper respiratory tract (URT) are common both in adults and children and they are generally treated through aerosol therapy with mucolytic medications and steroids. When these inflammations affect children, the treatments must be rapid and resolutive to prevent complications, i.e. middle ear concern. Steroids present some contraindications, i.e. alteration of smell, that must bear in mind especially in children. Therefore, alternative treatments that have the same efficacy of the steroids, but limited adverse effect should be considered. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Adelmidrol to fight inflammation in the URT.

Methods: Case-Control study. Control group used standard treatment for URT inflammation (mucolytics and steroids), and treatment groups were treated by Adelmidrol spray. Sixty children (age range 2.5-4.5 years) were randomly assigned to i) control group, ii) treatment group 1 (TG1)- Adelmidrol nasal spray only and iii) treatment group 2 (TG2), in which Adelmidrol was administered nasal and oral spray solution. The URT and the tympanic membrane aspects were evaluated at T0, T1(30 days) and T2 (90 days). The treatments were performed for 90 consecutive days (three months).

Results: At the end of the treatment, TG2 (combination of nasal and oral sprays) had the best outcomes both regarding URT findings (χ²: p = 0.0004) and tympanic membrane conditions (χ²: p = 0.03). TG1 showed similar outcome of CG.

Conclusions: These preliminary results showed that Adelmidrol had the same efficacy of standard treatment when used as nasal spray only, and was better than standard treatment when used combining nasal and oral sprays. The molecule seems to offer the same benefit as standard treatment without collateral effects. If confirmed on a larger sample, the use of Adelmidrol could be suggested as an alternative to traditional treatment for the inflammation of the URT in children.

Background: The aesthetic importance of nasal tip and the complexity of its surgical correction make the surgery of this area one of the most fascinating facial surgical procedures. Despite description of different sculpturing techniques to correct nasal tip defects, this surgery remains one of the most discussed and challenging aesthetic procedures.

Objectives: To define an algorithm of treatment for nasal tip surgery based on 40 year experience on Caucasian patients evaluated by our proposed clinical qualitative assessment, who were treated by closed rhinoplasty.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 19,643 Caucasian patients (15,266 females and 4,377 males) who underwent primary closed rhinoplasty from 1979 to 2019 due to different tip defects. The patients were evaluated by volume projection rotation (VPR) assessment. The surgical indications options, long-term aesthetic results and complications were analyzed. Results: 22% patients with minimal nasal defects were treated by non-delivery approach and 78% patients with important tip malformation by delivery approach. In all cases, the surgery was performed to reduce tip volume, modify tip projection and rotation based on the specific nasal defects. 67% patients, who needed important reduction of tip projection, were treated by tip interrupting techniques. 88.7% patients were satisfied and only 12.3% needed a minor revision surgery during the 20-years follow-up.

Conclusion: The proposed algorithm may be a useful tool to plan surgery. The use of an adequate technique depending on the evaluation of volume, projection and rotation may guarantee higher patient satisfaction and a stable long-term aesthetic result.

Hanahan and Weinberg established a concept of “the Hallmarks of Cancer” which is showing acquired functional capabilities of neoplastic cells. After the latest revisions, they defined nine hallmark capabilities and five enabling characteristics. The first eight core hallmarks are Sustaining Proliferative Signaling, Evading Growth Suppressors, Resisting Cell Death, Enabling Replicative Immortality, Inducing Angiogenesis, Activating Invasion and Metastasis, Deregulating Cellular Metabolism, and Avoiding Immune Destruction. Lastly Unlocking Phenotypic Plasticity is incorporated as an additional hallmark. These hallmark capabilities are acquired via enabling characteristics which are Genome Instability and Mutation, Tumor-promoting Inflammation, Nonmutational Epigenetic Reprogramming, Polymorphic Microbiomes, and Senescent Cells. Finally, a possible link between the nervous system in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the hallmarks has been proposed as a distinctive enabling characteristic. Carcinogenesis is a stepwise phenomenon, and a model of multi-step carcinogenesis is nicely demonstrated by Vogelstein. The acquisition of hallmark capabilities can appear at different times. During carcinogenesis, we can differentiate several phases chronologically: immortalization, tumor formation, and cancer. These are compatible with standard steps: initiation, promotion, and progression. Besides this concept, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that cancer is a chaotic disease, at least for a limited period. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a well-documented prevalent (approximately 80%) hallmark in human cancers. CIN is synonymous with aneuploidy. High-level cellular stress due to chronic carcinogen exposure induces CIN, which produces temporal genomic chaos. Many chaotic genomes are eliminated. If cells survive, aneuploid cells containing new system information after genome reorganization appear as a clinical picture of cancer. In this presentation, we discuss the role and place of Genome Chaos during carcinogenesis based on up-to-date literature.

Racial and ethnic minorities have lower COVID-19 vaccination rates than Whites in the US. Equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines remains a challenge in the US, which has compounded the existing disparities. The deep and pervasive history of medical racism in the US has caused greater levels of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in racial and ethnic minority groups. Vaccine hesitancy can decrease vaccination rates and is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a top ten global threat to public health. The underlying factors driving vaccine hesitancy are complex and include a declining trust in science and state institutions, the spread of COVID-19 vaccine mis/disinformation on the benefits and risks of vaccines, etc. Although some studies examine COVID-19 vaccine disparities, there is a shortage of studies examining the social, structural and constructural determinants of vaccine disparities. In this paper, we propose a novel machine learning based (ML-based) approach to identify COVID-19 vaccine disparities and determinants with a goal of mitigating COVID-19 vaccine disparities and improving pandemic health care. We provide a thorough analysis of COVID-19 vaccine disparities based on different COVID-19 datasets and examine the determinants (including the determinants that cause vaccine hesitancy in racial and ethnic minorities and unequal vaccine distribution). We believe this research should provide new strategies for identifying vaccine disparities and determinants with a goal of reducing COVID-19 vaccine disparities and improving pandemic health care and health equity.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a globally rising public health with limited therapeutic options for advanced incidences. Current treatment regimen including chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, has several limitations and is often found associated with resistance. Emerging evidence suggests that the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) hold promise for improving therapeutic outcomes, but low or negative PD-L1 expression in most EC incidences hinders their therapeutic responsiveness. Our research explored a novel approach to enhance immunotherapy response in EC by targeting epigenetic mechanisms, specifically targeting Histone Deacetylase 8 (HDAC8). HDAC8 is significantly overexpressed in endocrine and chemo-resistant EC incidences, indicating the advanced stage of EC which contributes to immune evasion. Our data demonstrate that a specific target to HDAC8 induces PD-L1 upregulation, potentially transforming immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors, consequently increasing immune cell infiltration and responsiveness to ICIs. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HDAC8-mediated PD-L1 regulation and validate the therapeutic potential of combining HDAC8 inhibitors with ICIs. The study aims to screen small molecules that specifically inhibits HDAC8, understanding its role in PD-L1 regulation, and assessing therapeutic efficacy using in-vitro and in-vivo models. This research could revolutionize the treatment landscape for EC, providing a dual benefit of overcoming resistance mechanisms and enhancing immunotherapy response for a better outcome. By targeting HDAC8, this study seeks to develop a synergistic therapeutic strategy to improve overall survival and clinical outcomes for EC patients associated with cold tumor microenvironment.

Health informatics and Electronic Health Records (EHR) are pivotal in reshaping healthcare systems worldwide. This paper examines the role of EHR in enhancing healthcare delivery by improving patient outcomes, increasing efficiency, and fostering a data-driven approach to medical decision-making. The adoption of EHR systems streamlines administrative processes, reduces errors, and supports the integration of evidence-based practices. Additionally, interoperability between systems ensures seamless data exchange, enabling more coordinated and comprehensive care. The application of health informatics, particularly in predictive analytics and artificial intelligence (AI), has further revolutionized patient care by facilitating early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and resource allocation. This study reviews successful case studies and identifies common challenges, such as data privacy concerns, implementation costs, and resistance to change among healthcare professionals. The discussion emphasizes the need for robust policies and training programs to enhance the effective utilization of EHR and health informatics. By fostering collaboration between stakeholders—healthcare providers, policymakers, and technologists—healthcare systems can achieve sustainable improvements and ensure patient-centered care.
References:
• Bates, D.W., & Bitton, A. (2010). The future of health information technology in the patient-centered medical home. Health Affairs, 29(4), 614-621.
• Adler-Milstein, J., & Jha, A.K. (2017). HITECH Act drove large gains in hospital electronic health record adoption. Health Affairs, 36(8), 1416-1422.
• Raghupathi, W., & Raghupathi, V. (2014). Big data analytics in healthcare: promise and potential. Health Information Science and Systems, 2(1), 1-10.

Bioactive compounds derived from dietary sources hold significant potential as functional food ingredients, addressing key metabolic health issues such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. This abstract highlights findings from randomized clinical trials investigating diverse bioactives, including brewer’s spent grain (BSG) extract, plant-based formulations enriched with minerals, and rice derivatives standardized to contain monacolin K, γ-oryzanol, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The first study examined a chemically characterized BSG extract, rich in resistant starch (14.64 g/100 g), arabinoxylans (7.50 g/100 g), β-glucans (1.92 g/100 g), and bioaccessible ferulic acid (91.3 mg/100 g). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the extract significantly reduced postprandial glycemia and improved insulinemic response without any adverse effects. The second trial evaluated a food supplement containing Zea mays and Gymnema sylvestre extracts with zinc and chromium in participants with mildly impaired fasting blood glucose. Over three months of intake, the food supplement significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels, improving glucose metabolism without evidence of renal or hepatic toxicity. The third study tested a supplement comprising monacolin K, γ-oryzanol, and GABA in participants with mild dyslipidemia. This intervention reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) by 19.3% and 8.3%, respectively, while increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by 29.3%, effectively shifting participants from high to moderate cardiovascular risk. Collectively, these studies underscore the efficacy and safety of bioactive compounds as functional food ingredients for improving metabolic health. Future research should explore synergistic formulations and develop guidelines to enhance their integration into clinical practice.

Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs are used to treat mental illnesses. In addition to being vital for the individual, society, and socioeconomic advancement of any nation, psychological health is a crucial aspect of a person's and a community's overall health and well-being. Nowadays, psychological healthcare is in the period of health sector transition, as new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) are changing how psychiatric diseases are screened for, diagnosed, and treated. AI can also keep monitoring on social media and online activity to spot indications of depression, anxiety, or cyberbullying in young users. AI-powered early intervention can stop psychological health problems from getting worse and assist in the development of good emotional coping strategies. By revealing the intricate pathophysiology of mental illnesses, artificial intelligence (AI) systems' computational capability could improve therapeutic applications. Big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning are examples of innovative technologies being used in personalized medicine. Additionally, psychological therapies and diagnosis are undergoing significant paradigm shifts. Although psychotherapy is essential for treating psychological health disorders, its quality and accessibility are frequently constrained. Innovative solutions like automated systems for more availability and tailored therapies to enhance psychotherapy are provided by artificial intelligence (AI). However, there are still ethical questions around the use of AI in psychological healthcare. A subset of AI, such as machine learning and deep learning, has demonstrated the ability to analyze diverse psychological health data sets and forecast the patterns linked to different psychological health issues in the screening and diagnostic domains. Applications of AI, such as Deep Learning, have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in clinical practice, which may have a significant influence on personalized therapy for psychological disorders. By expanding sample sizes and concentrating on ethical clearances and adherence for online therapy, future research can further improve. The problems and potential paths in AI for psychological healthcare are complex and ever-changing. To fully realize AI's promise in enhancing psychological healthcare, it is imperative to engage in ongoing research and development, ensure model validation and transparency, and establish strong regulations.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly complex malignancy, often arising in the context of cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B/C infections. Its asymptomatic progression delays diagnosis, limiting early intervention and leaving few treatment options for advanced-stage patients. For over a decade, our research has explored saffron’s anticancer potential, particularly against HCC. Our studies, supported by patented findings (US10912741B2, US10568873B1), highlight safranal, a monoterpenoid that contributes mainly to saffron's unique aroma, as a promising therapeutic candidate. Safranal restores liver function, induces cell cycle arrest, and triggers apoptosis in cancer cells, as demonstrated through transcriptomic, in vitro, and in vivo analyses. This presentation underscores saffron’s transformation from a culinary spice to a novel therapeutic agent, offering new hope for HCC treatment.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant global public health concern, and Japan faces increasing incidence and antimicrobial resistance, posing a substantial challenge to effective control.

Objective: This presentation aims to review the current landscape of major STIs in Japan, the reality of antimicrobial resistance, and the importance of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). We will analyze the situation based on recent research data and guidelines and propose future countermeasures for effective STI control.

Methods: This presentation will discuss the epidemiological trends of STIs in Japan, antimicrobial resistance patterns, current treatment options, and the importance of AMS. We will highlight specific challenges associated with gonorrhea, chlamydia, and Mycoplasma genitalium.

Results: We found increasing trends in gonorrhea and syphilis, persistent high prevalence of chlamydia, and emerging resistance patterns in Mycoplasma genitalium. Current treatment options are being challenged by increasing drug resistance, especially against previously effective antibiotics. The necessity of a systematic approach to antibiotic use through AMS is critical.

Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance in STIs presents a serious public health concern in Japan. Urgent action is needed to promote AMS, including enhancing surveillance, adhering to guidelines, educating healthcare providers, and investing in the development of new antimicrobials and point-of-care testing (POCT). Strengthening prevention and awareness efforts is also crucial to reduce the overall burden of STIs in Japan. This presentation calls for a collaborative effort to combat drug-resistant STIs effectively.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the field of hypnosis offers promising advancements in both therapeutic and research domains. AI-driven systems, such as machine learning algorithms and natural language processing, are being employed to personalize hypnosis sessions, optimize therapeutic techniques, and monitor patient responses in real time. These AI applications can enhance the precision and effectiveness of hypnosis by tailoring inductions, deepening techniques, and post-hypnotic suggestions to individual needs. Moreover, AI-powered tools enable the collection and analysis of large datasets, providing insights into the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying hypnosis. This synergy between AI and hypnosis holds the potential to revolutionize clinical hypnosis practices, improve accessibility, and advance scientific understanding of altered states of consciousness.

Targeted drug delivery plays a crucial role in precision medicine by enhancing therapeutic effects while reducing systemic toxicity. Leukocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising strategy, utilizing the natural properties of leukocytes to improve drug accumulation at specific sites. These biomimetic NPs offer key advantages, including immune evasion, prolonged circulation, and selective targeting of diseased or inflamed tissues through interactions with adhesion molecules. This presentation explores the development and application of leukocyte membrane-coated NPs, covering their preparation techniques, structural characterization, and potential in biomedical applications. Additionally, it discusses existing challenges that hinder clinical translation, such as formulation stability, large-scale production, and regulatory hurdles. An overview of recent patents will provide insights into innovation trends in this field. The session will also address key research gaps and future directions necessary for bridging the transition from experimental studies to real-world medical applications. By compiling current findings and emerging advancements, this presentation aims to establish the significance of leukocyte membrane-coated NPs in targeted drug delivery. Their potential in precision medicine offers opportunities for more effective and personalized treatments across various diseases, paving the way for innovative therapeutic solutions.

Phytochemicals play a vital role in regulating cellular signaling pathways and hold promise for therapeutic applications in various diseases. They can be categorized into several major classes, including polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans, tannins), alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, organosulfur compounds, and saponins. These bioactive compounds exhibit chemopreventive properties by modulating critical molecular pathways associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In this presentation, we will provide an overview of phytochemicals, their mechanisms of action in cancer chemoprevention, and strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential for clinical applications. We will then focus on Carralluma europea, a promising natural source of bioactive compounds with potential anticancer properties. Through LC-QTOF-MS analysis, coupled with MZmine and Sirius software, we identified key metabolites that may contribute to its effects on cancer cell viability, potentially through apoptosis induction and oxidative stress modulation. These findings highlight the significance of phytochemicals in cellular signalling and their therapeutic relevance. Future research will aim to further elucidate specific molecular interactions and validate their biological activity in preclinical models.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani, remains a fatal disease in the absence of effective treatments or vaccines, compounded by rising drug resistance and inadequate immune control strategies. This study investigates the role of the inhibitory receptor CD300a in regulating immune responses during L. donovani infection. We demonstrate that L. donovani upregulates CD300a expression on phagocytic cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) and splenic tissues, facilitating parasite survival by suppressing effector functions. Blocking CD300a with monoclonal antibodies in vitro and in BALB/c mice significantly reduced parasite uptake and splenic burden, respectively, while enhancing nitric oxide production, MHC expression, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-12) in phagocytes. Furthermore, CD300a blockade augmented proliferation and Th1 cytokine production in antigen-experienced CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, promoting early parasite clearance and increasing central memory T-cell populations (CCR7⁺CD62L⁺). These findings highlight CD300a as a critical modulator of innate and adaptive immunity in VL, offering a novel therapeutic target to enhance immune responses and potentially improve vaccine efficacy against Leishmania and other intracellular pathogens.

Timely detection of stress is essential in promoting mental health and preventing burnout in daily life. In this study, we present LightSens-GraphNet, a novel hybrid deep learning model designed for real-time stress detection using multimodal wearable sensor data. Unlike conventional approaches that treat sensor channels independently, our model constructs a graph-based representation where physiological signals (ECG, EDA, EMG, temperature, and respiration) act as interconnected nodes. Through a Graph Attention Network (GAT), the model learns inter-signal dependencies dynamically. Local temporal features are captured via 1D-CNNs, and temporal sequences are modeled using Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs), offering faster inference and greater parallelization than recurrent architectures. We validate our approach on the WESAD dataset, achieving a classification accuracy of 90.1% and outperforming baseline LSTM and CNN-LSTM models in both accuracy and inference time. The lightweight architecture makes LightSens-GraphNet suitable for real-time deployment on edge devices, enabling passive stress monitoring in workplace, healthcare, and wellness settings. This model provides a step forward in building efficient, scalable AI systems for mental health applications while preserving user privacy and computational efficiency.

Abstract Background and Objective: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease with 2–4% of prevalence worldwide conferring a major burden on health systems. It is assumed that the prevalence might increase due to climatic change and deterioration of protective ozone barrier. With the chances of increasing prevalence, newer and specific treatment options need to be explored. Skin is a constant target of oxidative stress owing to continuous exposure to ultraviolet radiations. Oxidative stress is considered to have a central role in dermatological diseases, including psoriasis. This study was designed to explore the role of Humanin analogue (S14-G HNG) as an important anti oxidant for psoriasis like condition in BALB/c mice as till date the commomly used drugs for this disease are corticosteroids which have a dissatisfactory adverse effect profile in terms of chronic use. Methodology: Imiquimod 5% was used to induce Psoriasis like condition in mice, and the role of HNG was assessed through the histological examination, protein expressions and markers of oxidative stress. Two doses (low and high) of HNG were used and results were compared with an established drug methylprednisolone. Key Result: Significant improvement was seen on histology, PASI scoring, protein expression and oxidative stress by the use of intraperitoneal injections of S14-G HNG and the results were comparable to those obtained through peritoneal injections of methylprednisolone. Conclusion: S14G-HNG can be considered as a suitable option for treatment of Psoriasis after clinical trials and it might prove to have lesser side effects as compared to other drugs employed for the treatment of psoriasis being an innate anti oxidant and anti apoptotic compound.

CD47, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is best known for its "don't eat me" signal that prevents cells from being engulfed by the immune system. However, recent research has revealed that CD47 plays a much broader role in cancer, particularly in how tumors manage their metabolism. It's now clear that CD47 is not just involved in helping cancer cells escape immune detection, but it also seems to influence the metabolic shifts typical of cancer cells. This review dives into how CD47 affects tumor metabolism, from its role in cellular energy production and nutrient use to its interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME). The paper looks at how CD47 impacts key metabolic processes like glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and how these changes can also affect immune cells within the TME. Additionally, the review highlights the potential of targeting CD47 to disrupt tumor metabolism and slow cancer growth. Finally, it discusses the possibility of combining CD47-targeted therapies with other approaches aimed at either the metabolism or immune system, offering a promising strategy for future cancer treatments. Understanding how CD47 is connected to tumor metabolism could lead to the development of new therapies that are both more effective and more precise.

This review study aimed to assess the nutrition situation in the UAE using published data from 2010 to 2022. It highlights the gaps and challenges that prevail in addressing the nutrition- related problems in the UAE and the opportunities that have been overlooked. The available literature indicates that the UAE is burdened with more than one form of nutrition-related problems, including being underweight, being overweight, obesity, micronutrient deficiencies, and nutrition-related chronic diseases. It is clear that data on micronutrient deficiencies, protein-energy malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, and other nutrition-related diseases among the UAE population are extremely scarce. The UAE has a high prevalence of obesity and diabetes; however, limited studies have been conducted to document this nutritional phenomenon. Few examples of published data are available assessing the burden of stunting, wasting, and being underweight among children under five years of age. Despite the importance of protein-energy malnutrition, no recent publications analyze its prevalence within the UAE population. Therefore, future studies must be conducted, focusing on malnutrition. Based on the literature, and bearing in mind the magnitude of the health issues due to the UAE population’s nutrition negligence, there is an urgent need to assess the population’s nutrient behaviors, to aid policy decision-makers in developing and implementing effective health policies and strategies.

Bioinformatics has transformed the fields of genomics and proteomics by enabling high-throughput data analysis, fostering deeper insights into molecular biology, and accelerating scientific discoveries. This review examines recent advancements in bioinformatics tools, computational algorithms, and machine learning applications that have enhanced genomic and proteomic research. Key innovations such as next-generation sequencing, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and AI-driven predictive models are discussed alongside emerging challenges, including data integration, scalability, and ethical considerations. Furthermore, future prospects highlight the integration of multi-omics platforms, cloud computing, and personalized medicine approaches. Bioinformatics continues to drive groundbreaking discoveries, shaping the future of biomedical research and healthcare.

Introduction: Cervical cord injury from spinal manipulation is not rare. Safety protocols and predictors have been emphasized to prevent adverse events. This case study investigated whether cervical spine manipulation in an asymptomatic neck could cause soft tissue lesions. Clinical and radiological follow-up: To explore this potential cause of the patient’s neurological symptoms in this single case, a Computer Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan were requested. The supervising clinician emphasized the importance of positioning the patient’s head and neck according to her specific clinical findings. Case Report Findings: Significant radiological findings, including C1 anomalies and soft tissue lesions were revealed. Imaging identified C1 Spina Bifida, absence of the Rectus Capitus Minor muscle, C1-2 hyper-rotation with borderline Atlas-axis facet subluxation, lesions to the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament and central Alar/Cruciate ligament complex. Discussion: This Case Report highlights the importance of thorough clinical assessment and individualized imaging before cervical spine manipulation. Undetected structural anomalies and soft tissue vulnerabilities can increase the risk of adverse effects. Standard radiological protocols may lack sensitivity to functional biomechanics, highlighting the need for a more precise diagnostic approach. Conclusion: Identifying pre-existing structural vulnerabilities through advanced imaging can help reduce risks associated with manipulative techniques.

Background: Nano-catalysts are catalysts composed of nanoparticles or nanostructures that enhance the reaction rate yet being unaltered by the process. Nowadays, there is a lot of interest in nano-catalysts in organic synthesis. Due to their high catalytic activity, organic synthesis based on nano-catalysts has benefits in the field of green chemistry. Furthermore, nano-catalyst is easily manufactured, recyclable, and biocompatible. Zinc oxide a well-known in-organic metal oxide in nano-catalyst shows great anti-bacterial activity.

Results: Current experiment emphases on prediction of anti-bacterial activity of zinc oxide nano-catalyst. We have also utilized the synthesized nano-catalyst for the synthesis of 1H-indole and (E)-1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one derivatives.

Conclusion: Our findings rationalized the effective synthesis of spherical nano-catalyst with average size range of 1-200 nm. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope with the Energy Dispersive X-ray studies (EDX) information buttress the result generated via XRD pattern in the ways of size and purity. The ZnO nano-catalyst demonstrated anti-bacterial effect in contrast to Escherichia coli (E. coli) that was dose-dependent, with an estimated IC50 value of around 20 μg/mL. The study indorses the potential usage of ZnO nano-catalyst in industries like food, pharmaceutical, agriculture, cosmetic industries for its anti-bacterial activity.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global concern for physicians and healthcare workers. The last resort of antibiotic, colistin has been found ineffective. What next?, is a big question. As per WHO, by 2050 almost 10 million people will die because of AMR. But the statistic was analysed before COVID-19. I presume the severity of resistance has to enhance further after COVID-19 since, the use of antibiotic has been increased several time over pre-COVID-19 phase. Among the resistance markers being spread, carbapenemases including NDM, OXA and IMP are most commonly found globally. If you further analyse, NDM-1, NDM-4, NDM-6,NDM-7 are more frequently circulating in Indian sub-continents. Therefore, my lab is focusing on detection of NDM variants in hospital settings as well as environmental settings. We have identified NDM-4 as first report from India in 2014 and the same was identifies subsequently in several other studies. These markers were also cloned and expressed in the lab to understand the structure function relationship. We have generated several mutants of NDM-1 to understand amino acid residues involved in action of NDM-1 enzyme against antibiotics. Overall, NDM and its variants are more prevalent in hospital as well as environmental settings leading to high resistance rate. Therefore, this is the time to think sensibly and try to control spread of resistance markers.

The present work aims to explicitly develop and characterize lipid-based nanocarriers via the oral route to overcome the inherent lacuna of antiretroviral therapy, in which the drug was used for the management of HIV infection. We optimized and fabricated antiretroviral loaded nanocarriers (DE-NCs) with pharmacokinetic modulators (TPGS) via central composite design (CCD) using the modified solvent evaporation method. Various assessment parameters were used for the characterization of nanoformulation such as mean particle size of 157 ± 1.56 nm, mean polydispersity index of 0.186 ± 0.003, mean zeta potential of -7.71 ± 0.003, entrapment efficiency of 95.6 ± 2.25% of DRV-E, and drug loading was 9.89 ± 0.041%. The structural analysis by TEM revealed the spherical size of NCs and uniform drug distribution. An in vitro drug release study was established through the 0.05 N HCl pH 1.2, and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with a % cumulative drug release of almost 82.34 % of DRV-E at the end of 24 h, compared to the suspension of antiretroviral drug. The compatibility of NCs to red blood cells was revealed by an in-vitro hemolysis study that was compared with a drug suspension and negative control (1% Triton solution). The confocal study revealed the depth of penetration of the drug into the intestine by DE-NCs was 35 µm which was 2.33 folds higher compared to drug suspension (depth was 15 µm). It can be concluded that DE-NLC could serve as a potential strategy to provide therapeutic benefits for the eradication of AIDS.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is an infertility female disorder affecting 3.7% of women under their forties. Its etiologies include autoimmune, infectious, toxic and genetic factors. Established genetic origins include chromosomal abnormalities, FMR1 premutations and rare gene mutations associated with syndromic and isolated POI. A large proportion of POI cases remain idiopathic despite of the major technological improvements through the rapid development of next generation sequencing (NGS). More than 200 hundred POI associated genes has been reported up to date. Targeted sequencing of those genes in custom designed gene panels or in silico panels from Mendeliomes and whole exome sequencing (WES) can be proposed as a diagnostic tool in clinical practice, although few publications have assessed their efficiency in identifying causative variants. The clinical gene relevance for POI, the classification of variants and the causal relationship between the variants and the phenotype remain challenging. Diagnostic yields of gene panels can be overestimated when variants are not classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics/Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) guidelines or when variants of unknown significance (VUS) or candidate genes are included or if affected relatives are not excluded inducing duplicated data. Potential oligogenicity and/or polygenicity is highly suspected in POI highlighting the need to develop additional diagnostic approaches.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent and debilitating complication of diabetes mellitus, significantly impacting the quality of life of affected individuals. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of both painful and painless DPN and identify associated risk factors among diabetic patients in the Haryana region of India. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted across urban, semi-urban, and rural areas, involving 105 participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) was used to assess neuropathic symptoms and severity. Results revealed a high DPN prevalence of 67%, with the 45–55 age group showing the highest symptom occurrence. Key risk factors identified included poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 9%), diabetes duration exceeding one year, sedentary lifestyle, and lower socioeconomic and educational status. Notably, gender did not significantly influence symptom prevalence. Symptoms such as paraesthesia, tingling, numbness, burning, and disruptive pain were frequently reported, escalating with age. The study emphasizes the progressive nature of DPN and its strong association with lifestyle and glycemic control. Findings suggest an urgent need for early screening, targeted education, and lifestyle interventions to reduce DPN incidence and severity. This region-specific investigation provides crucial insights into the burden of DPN in Haryana, underscoring the importance of public health policies that address preventive care, patient awareness, and access to effective diabetes management strategies. The study contributes valuable data for designing localized healthcare interventions and improving outcomes for diabetic patients at risk of neuropathy.

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic disorders marked by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from either a deficiency in insulin production or the body's ineffective use of insulin, leading to abnormal blood glucose levels. In the realm of medical treatment, considerable focus is placed on targeting specific enzymes involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its associated complications, aiming to inhibit their activity as a therapeutic strategy. Among the most significant enzymatic targets are, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), which play key roles in glucose metabolism and are central to diabetes management. Seaweed is widely valued for its nutritional properties and versatility, and marine-derived bioactive compounds are gaining increasing attention for their potential in diabetes management. These compounds may help regulate glucose homeostasis and enhance insulin sensitivity by acting on various biological targets, including carbohydrate digestion, gut hormone release, insulin secretion and function, and glucose uptake. In the present study, bioactive peptides derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of Undaria pinnatifida protein, also known as wakame, were investigated for their inhibitory potential on alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and DPP-IV, as well as their ability to stimulate in vitro insulin secretion and enhance glucose uptake. These findings underscore their potential as biogenics for the management of diabetes mellitus.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the healthcare industry by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and patient care. AI-driven tools analyze vast medical datasets to identify patterns and support clinical decision-making. Machine learning models are enabling early disease detection, especially in fields like radiology, pathology, and genomics. Natural Language Processing assists in summarizing patient records and improving doctor-patient communication. Robotics and AI-powered systems aid in precision surgeries and rehabilitation. Personalized medicine is becoming more effective through AI-based predictive analytics. AI chatbots provide 24/7 patient assistance and triage support. Ethical concerns, including data privacy and algorithmic bias, remain critical challenges. Collaboration between clinicians and technologists is key to responsible AI deployment. This talk explores current advancements, real-world applications, and the future potential of AI in transforming healthcare. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the healthcare industry by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and patient care. AI-driven tools analyze vast medical datasets to identify patterns and support clinical decision-making. Machine learning models are enabling early disease detection, especially in fields like radiology, pathology, and genomics. Natural Language Processing assists in summarizing patient records and improving doctor-patient communication. Robotics and AI-powered systems aid in precision surgeries and rehabilitation. Personalized medicine is becoming more effective through AI-based predictive analytics. AI chatbots provide 24/7 patient assistance and triage support. Ethical concerns, including data privacy and algorithmic bias, remain critical challenges. Collaboration between clinicians and technologists is key to responsible AI deployment. This talk explores current advancements, real-world applications, and the future potential of AI.

Background: Aging is a sequence of events that develop over time and antiaging is also a process that also requires time and a combination of multiple treatments, both surgical and non-invasive, and must take place in all facial tissues. Of the surgical methods used today for anti-aging, the Deep Plane Facelift has the best results. Recently, the Preservation Deep Plane Facelift has become very popular, which can be combined with a necklift and browlift to treat the entire face. Surgical facial treatment can then be combined with other non-invasive procedures to achieve the best cosmetic results. Methods: Preservation Deep Plane Facelift (PDPF) emerges as an attractive alternative for patients seeking a less invasive approach with minimal impact on good blood supply, which is essential for the regeneration and youthful restoration of the face. To better understand the anatomy of the face, surgical planning, and preoperative consultation with the patient, a 3D visualization was created for this presentation-Preservation Deep Plane Facelift & Necklift & Browlift and the presentation is supplemented with video material from the anatomical preparation of the cadaver head. In the presentation, we describe possible combinations of surgical treatment and non-invasive methods, such as the use of toxins, fillers, polynucleotides, lasers and other possible treatments from the field of regenerative medicine. Result: With the preservation technique of deep facelift, better healing, less swelling and less occurrence of hematomas are observed than with the standard smas lifting. To further improve the quality of the skin and increase the volume of tissues in the face, we have found that additional treatments with fillers, toxins, polynucleotide applications and laser skin treatment have proven effective. Conclusion: In anti-aging treatment, the preservation technique of deep facelift has proven to be very beneficial, and in combination with non-invasive methods and the latest findings from regenerative medicine, we can achieve very good aesthetic results.

Keywords: Deep plane facelift, browlift, necklift, polynukleotides, filler, toxin, lasers, rejuvenative medicine

The use of water as a solvent in chemical synthesis has emerged as a sustainable alternative to hazardous organic solvents, contributing to green chemistry and reducing environmental impact. In this study, a novel and eco-friendly methodology is presented for the synthesis of polyaromatic pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline derivatives via a one-pot, three-component reaction using benzaldehyde derivatives, 1,3-cyclohexadione, and 6-amino uracil in water. The reaction is facilitated under microwave irradiation, with water serving as both a solvent and a catalyst, ensuring mild reaction conditions, reduced reaction times, and impressive yields (76% to 89%). Structural elucidation of the synthesized compounds was confirmed through FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and ESI mass spectrometry. Biological evaluation of synthesized compounds 4(a–j) revealed significant antimicrobial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium chrysogenum. In silico docking studies against S. aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase receptor (PDB ID: 3Q89) demonstrated strong interactions through hydrogen bonding, π-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, physicochemical and pharmacokinetics assessments indicated that the synthesized compounds comply with Lipinski's 'rule of five', Veber's rule, and ADME criteria, predicting non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and orally bioavailable properties. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed the stability of compound-receptor complexes, underscoring the potential of this green synthetic approach in medicinal chemistry.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is commonly called as diabetes, it is a chronic disease and it is caused by the deficiency in the production of insulin by pancreas or by a deficit of the insulin produced in the human body. DM is a metabolic disorder in which there are high blood sugar levels over a long period in the human blood. DM causes morbidity and mortality about 180 million people worldwide. This study main objective was to determine the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and its associated risk factors in the development of DR among known Type II DM patients. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional and single center study was conducted among Type II DM patients with and without DR in the department of Endocrinology with a sample size of 150 with DM patients in 2018. Data were expressed as mean, standard deviation, proportions, Chi-Square, t-test test and Binary Logistic Regression analysis. Results: Diabetic patients 150 were identified as Type II DM as per inclusion criteria with aged 30 years and above. Among 150 Diabetic patients, 39 (26%) patients had Diabetic Retinopathy and 111 (74%) patients were not having Diabetic Retinopathy. The association between groups (with and no DR) and duration of DM were very highly significant with p< 0.01. DR prevalence was higher in female when compared with male population. In Binary Logistic Regression analysis, smoking habit, OR=15.39 [95%CI: (2.66 – 89.18)], p=0.001; duration of diabetes mellitus, OR=1.18 [95% CI: (1.07 – 1.31)], p=0.001; HbA1C, OR=1.34 [95%CI: (1.02 – 1.75)], p=0.035; fasting blood sugar, OR=1.01 [95%CI: (1.00 – 1.02)], p=0.027; medication, OR-=5.72 [95%CI: (1.93 – 16.91)], p=0.002; history of hypertension, OR=1.10 [95%CI: (1.02 – 1.18)], p=0.016. Conclusions: From our study, we have concluded that the prevalence of DR was very high. Diabetic Retinopathy was strongly associated with the risk factors poor glycemic control, fasting blood sugar level, duration of diabetes, irregular medication, duration of hypertension and smoking. Hence, there is a need for regular screening eye check-up with trained ophthalmologist to rescue diabetic retinopathy from DM patients or to prolong or from the vision loss.

Development of Chloroplast Genome Resources of Medicinal Plants: Unlocking Molecular Insights for Conservation and Authentication Abstract: Medicinal plants represent a cornerstone of traditional and modern therapeutic systems. However, challenges in species identification, adulteration, and biodiversity loss hinder their sustainable utilization. In this context, chloroplast genome sequencing offers a robust genomic framework to address these issues by providing highly conserved, yet variable regions for phylogenetic analysis, species authentication, and evolutionary studies. This talk presents an overview of our ongoing efforts to develop complete chloroplast genome resources for prioritized medicinal plants listed in the Ayurvedic and Siddha Pharmacopoeias of India. By employing next-generation sequencing, de novo assembly, and genome annotation tools, we have successfully generated high-quality chloroplast genome sequences for selected taxa. The assembled genomes were further analyzed to identify coding regions, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), RNA editing sites, and divergence hotspots. Phylogenomic comparisons with related species provided insights into evolutionary relationships and species delineation. The talk will also highlight the utility of specific chloroplast loci such as matK, rbcL, ycf1, and ndhF as potential molecular markers for DNA barcoding and quality control of herbal raw materials. These genomic resources serve as valuable tools for conservation genomics, pharmacognosy, and herbal authentication. Moreover, the development of a reference chloroplast genome database for Indian medicinal plants can aid regulatory authorities, researchers, and industries in ensuring the traceability and efficacy of botanical products. This initiative aligns with national priorities for biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge protection, and evidence-based herbal medicine development.

Genetic analysis is essential for diagnosing, treating, and predicting complications in neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), but remains unavailable in some regions. We present a case of a 3-month-old infant with permanent NDM (PNDM) caused by a heterozygous missense mutation in the *INS* gene (c.325T>C, p.Cys109Arg). Interestingly, this patient also tested positive for anti-GAD and ZnT8 autoantibodies. While NDM is often caused by mutations in *ABCC8* or *KCNJ11*, leading to guidelines recommending sulfonylurea therapy even before genetic confirmation, this approach is less effective for mutations in other genes like INS. Sulfonylurea responsiveness may also vary by ethnicity for specific mutations. Genetic testing in our patient at age four identified the INS mutation, which disrupts the formation of a critical disulfide bond (specifically involving cysteine 109 in the A-chain) within mature insulin, impairing protein folding and stability. It is well-established that INS mutations typically do not respond to sulfonylureas and require insulin therapy, resembling autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in this aspect. The unexpected presence of autoantibodies in this genetically confirmed case highlights diagnostic complexities. This underscores the critical importance of accessible genetic testing to guide appropriate therapy and ensure favorable long-term outcomes. Advances in AI-assisted genetic analysis could significantly improve diagnosis and management, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Endometriosis is a common chronic gynecological disorder presenting with cyclical pain and infertility in premenopausal females. In some patient’s endometrial lesions can be advanced and infiltrate deep into the peritoneum (deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE)) and pelvic organs, and cases can be challenging for management. Posterior compartment endometriosis, in particular involvement of the recto-sigmoid can be challenging for surgeons, and presurgical detection and proper characterization of involvement on imaging is prudent. Ultrasound and MR are the main modalities to evaluate pelvic endometriosis. Imaging evaluation requires identifying the number, location, and size of the lesions, as well as the degree of depth and circumferential involvement of the rectum. To better explain imaging evaluation and characterization of rectal endometriosis, in this paper we have elaborated pictorial review of 14 surgically proven rectal endometriosis cases. We have also mentioned about the rectal endometriosis reporting guidelines set by Society of Abdominal Radiology (SAR). To our knowledge presently there are no dedicated pictorial reviews specific to rectal endometriosis encompassing both US, MR and SAR guidelines in the English literature.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disorder that may advance to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. Autophagy—a cellular recycling process—helps clear damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and excess fat. Impaired autophagy is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to MAFLD. Restoring this process could help alleviate liver fat accumulation and slow the progression of the disease. Intermittent fasting (IF), which cycles between periods of eating and fasting, has shown positive effects on metabolism and liver health in both animal and human studies. In particular, Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF), which involves daily fasting from dawn to sunset for one month, has been shown to reduce body weight, fat mass, and inflammation, while also improving liver function in individuals with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These benefits are linked to enhanced autophagy activity. This presentation highlights the types of IF, the role of autophagy in MAFLD, and how IF—especially RIF—may restore autophagic function and improve liver outcomes.

Capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, has been found to be effective in treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It is typically administered in high concentrations as a patch formulation. Since capsaicin induces pain during application, the local anesthetic lidocaine is applied beforehand to reduce discomfort. We have demonstrated that resiniferatoxin (RTX), an ultra-potent TRPV1 agonist, induces a depolarization block of nerve terminals at very low doses (in the picomolar range), thereby preventing action potential generation and the transmission of pain. We have developed a polymer-coated RTX nanoparticle cream formulation, trademarked as Resinizin™ (Patent # US-11707437-B2), which has shown efficacy in suppressing pain associated with peripheral neuropathies. Oral agents used to treat chronic pain conditions are often associated with significant adverse effects. Moreover, addiction and overdose have become serious concerns with opioid use. In this context, a topical RTX nanoparticle cream or patch represents a promising alternative for the treatment of painful peripheral neuropathies.

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) with central nervous system (CNS) and extracranial metastases are formidable challenges. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have sometimes powerful but usually limited successes in most cancers. Thus, the identification of priming strategies to improve ICI function will enable broader applications of ICI at lesser doses to attenuate ICI’s known immune side effects. We have developed CHA1, a CNS-penetrant epigenetic disruptor combination, to prime refractory tumors and metastases for ICI efficacy, emphasizing patient-friendly delivery and attenuating side-effects. Our preclinical findings underscore a comprehensive tumor re-programming (termed Epigenetics-Plus) to confer anti-PDL1 susceptibility by hitting every hallmark for overcoming ICI resistance and an initial efficacy on brain metastases. A human compassionate care case indicates patient safety. We hypothesize that judicious combination of CHA1 and anti-PDL1 may prime CNS metastatic disease for ICI destruction, thus increasing efficacy for TNBC and otherwise fatal brain metastases and with improved safety. If successful, we would advance life-saving treatment for metastatic breast cancer patients and potentially other cold tumors such as NSCLC, resulting in dramatically increased survival.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of cancer progression and chemoresistance, often modulating genes involved in drug resistance. Among them, miR-128-3p has been implicated in several malignancies, but its role in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), particularly in relation to cisplatin (CIS) resistance, remains inadequately defined. This study investigates the functional significance of miR-128-3p in TSCC and its potential in modulating chemo response. Methods and Results: We evaluated miR-128-3p expression and its downstream targets using quantitative RT-PCR and performed in vitro assays - including proliferation, migration, flow cytometry, and western blotting - to examine its biological impact. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed MAP2K7 as a direct target of miR-128-3p. Overexpression of miR-128-3p markedly inhibited TSCC cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), likely via suppression of MAP2K7 within the JNK/MAPK signaling axis. Moreover, miR-128-3p sensitized TSCC cells to CIS treatment by downregulating MAP2K7, thereby attenuating JNK/c-Jun signaling. This, in turn, reduced c-Jun and ABC transporter expression, potentially limiting drug efflux and enhancing CIS efficacy. Conclusion: Our results reveal a tumor-suppressive role of miR-128-3p in TSCC, highlighting its capacity to impair tumor growth and improve CIS sensitivity. The miR-128-3p/MAP2K7/JNK pathway emerges as a promising therapeutic axis for overcoming chemoresistance in tongue cancer.

This study describes the development and validation of a novel stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the quantification of Molnupiravir (Moln), an antiviral drug used for mild to moderate COVID-19 cases. The method demonstrated linearity (10–200 μg/mL), precision, accuracy, and specificity, even in the presence of degradation products. Moln was found to degrade under acidic, basic, and oxidative conditions, with degradation kinetics following first-order behavior for acidic and oxidative hydrolysis. LC-MS was used to propose the structures of the degradants. The cytotoxicity of the degradants was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay on human skin fibroblast cells. The method’s environmental impact was assessed using four greenness metrics—NEMI, Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, and AGREE—confirming its eco-friendly profile.

The success of in vitro fertilization is contingent upon the precise evaluation of embryo viability. Conventionally, embryo selection is performed on a morphological evaluation, a methodology that is inherently subjective and offers only a limited perspective on the molecular and functional status of the embryo. Recent advances in reproductive biosciences have highlighted the diagnostic potential of spent embryo culture medium (SECM) as a non-invasive source of information. SECM collected during the initial phases of embryo development has been found to contain a range of molecular biomarkers, including metabolites, proteins, and nucleic acids such as microRNAs and cfDNA fragments. These biomarkers have the potential to reflect the embryo's developmental potential. The objective of the present study is to identify the 'multiomic' biomolecular signatures in the culture medium most predictive of embryo viability, thereby enabling more objective and personalized embryo selection strategies. The research group has developed and patented a novel method for the non-invasive analysis of culture medium biomarkers with a view to assessing embryo viability. This approach provides a robust and objective alternative/complementation to traditional morphological grading. In this presentation, the recent findings related to the molecular profiling of embryo culture media will be reviewed. The clinical applicability of the patented diagnostic technology will be discussed, and its potential to improve IVF outcomes will be explored. Furthermore, the current limitations and future steps required to implement this tool into routine clinical practice will be addressed, including regulatory and technical challenges.

The biotransformation of bioactive compounds present in plant-based materials by probiotics is an emerging area of interest in developing functional foods. This process utilizes the capabilities of live microorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bifidobacterium species, which provide various health benefits. Probiotics interact with various bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids. These interactions occur through biochemical processes, including hydrolysis, hydroxylation, esterification, decarboxylation, glycosylation, and other mechanisms. Biotransformations can modify the structure and solubility of various compounds, often resulting in increased absorption and biological activity within the human body. This process enhances the nutritional profile of plant-based products and facilitates the development of innovative functional foods. Probiotic-mediated biotransformation results in new functional beverages, supplements, and the development of functional foods that promote gut health, support immune function, and enhance overall well-being with improved therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. Additionally, this approach offers a sustainable and innovative way to meet the increasing demand for health-promoting foods in a rapidly evolving functional food market.

Keywords: Biotransformation, Bioactive compounds, plant-based materials, Probiotics, functional foods.

Diabetes mellitus is considered as a universal health problem caused by abnormally high blood sugar over time. It leads to many health problems including heart attack, nerve damage, stroke, blindness and kidney failure. Regardless of the various synthetic drugs, it is still challenging to handle diabetes due to their poor efficacy and side effects. This is prompting a rise in interest in the use of green approach and natural products for safer and more sustainable alternatives to therapies. Green nanotechnology integrating the medicinal properties of plants with high functioning features of nanoparticles to enhance therapeutic potential and drug delivery. Among the nanoparticles, selenium nanoparticles become popular due to their capabilities in fighting oxidative stress and reducing the risks of diabetes. For this study, Allium sativum (garlic), a medicinal plant with bioactive compounds, was chosen to synthesize nicotinamide-coated SeNPs because it retains many pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant and analgesic activities. Characterization of the synthesized NC-SeNPs was done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, EDX and SEM to confirm their morphology, formation. To evaluate their antidiabetic effect, NC-SeNPs were administered daily at various doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg) to diabetic mice over a 28-day time period. Results showed that different doses caused changes in blood glucose, CBC, lipids levels, liver and kidney functions, while 1.5 mg/kg dose led to the strongest improvements. Histopathological examinations showed that the renal, pancreatic and hepatic tissues had recovered. Allium sativum-mediated SeNPs have been found to offer a possible, safe and environmentally friendly way to manage diabetes because of their strong antidiabetic as well as protecting properties.

High-throughput preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been recently utilized to enhance the efficiency of IVF cycles by reducing the time and cost associated with repeated cycles. In this work, we report the first NGS-based PGT-A implemented at the Molecular Genomics and Precision Medicine Department, ExpressMed Diagnostics and Research in Bahrain. Our primary objective was to identify variables influencing test outcomes and evaluate the efficacy of this technology in a clinical setting. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 642 biopsies from 88 IVF cycles involving Bahraini couples with a history of infertility or recurrent failed embryo transfers. NGS-based PGT-A was performed on each embryo to assess chromosomal status. Results indicated that 144 embryos (22.40%) were euploid and recommended for transfer, while 478 embryos (74.50%) were aneuploid. Among the aneuploid embryos, 67 (10.40%) were complex, 179 (27.80%) chaotic, and 232 (36.10%) exhibited 1-2 chromosomal abnormalities. In addition to PGT-A, we performed two case studies using PGT-M. In the first, both parents were carriers for sickle cell disease (heterozygous), and after PGT-A confirmed a normal euploid embryo, we used Sanger sequencing for PGT-M to ensure the embryo was free from the sickle cell allele. The second case involved a mother who was homozygous for sickle cell disease, and the father was a carrier. PGT-M confirmed that the selected embryo was unaffected, ensuring a healthy pregnancy. These findings highlight the value of NGS-based PGT-A and PGT-M as essential tools in preventing genetic disorders. The implementation of PGT-M offers significant advantages by allowing for the prevention of monogenic disorders, thereby ensuring the birth of healthy children and providing valuable reproductive options for couples at risk of genetic conditions. Biography Dr. Alam is the Head of the Department of Molecular Genomics and Precision Medicine at EXPRESSMED Diagnostics and Research in Bahrain. With over 15 years of experience in teaching, research, and diagnostics, he previously worked as a Medical Research Scientist at the National Guard Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and as a Lecturer at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. Dr. Alam is also working as an Adjunct Assistant Professor at the College of Science, University of Bahrain. He has authored nearly 75 research articles and is the editor of the book Rare Genetic Disorders: Advancements in Diagnosis and Treatment, published by Springer.

Diet type, meal timing, and high calorie, refined snacks contributor to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and poor glycemic control in diabetic patients. This study aimed to develop and evaluate fiber enriched herbal cookies formulated with Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar gum) and Murraya Koenigii (curry leave) for diabetes management. The cookies underwent physicochemical. Sensory, and nutritional analyses, demonstrating high protein and fiber content with a significantly lower estimated glycemic index (p < 0.05). To assess their antidiabetic and lipid lowering potential, an animal study was conducted in streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups: Control, CBND (non diabetic + control biscuit), FBND (non diabetic + fiber biscuit), CBD (diabetic + control biscuit), and FBD (diabetic + fiber biscuit). After 6 weeks of feeding, the FBD group showed a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (-36.66%. p < 0.001), postprandial glucose (p< 0.01), total cholesterol (128.7 ± 5.1 mg/dl vs. 178. ± 6.7 mg/dl, p < 0.001), triglycerides (p < 0.001), LDL (p < 0.01), and atherogenic index (p < 0.001), while increasing HDL (p < 0.001). Histological examination showed partial β-cell regeneration in FBD group, whereas extensive β-cell destruction was observed in CBD fed diabetic rats (p < 0.01). Additionally, FBND rats gained controlled weight (+16.20%) compared to CBND (+34.55%, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that fiber enriched herbal cookies can effectively improve blood sugar levels, lipid metabolism, and pancreatic function, making then a promising dietary supplement for diabetes management. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness in humans.

Keywords: Fiber-enriched cookies, diabetes, lipid profile, β-cell regeneration, guar gum, curry leaves

The indolocarbazoles such as staurosporine, K252d, the most potent PKC inhibitors isolated to date, probably act by occupying the ATP binding site and thus preventing the protein phosphorylation. The preparation of indolocarbazole derivatives possessing selectivity toward specific malfunctioning kinases associated with a disease state would be a solution; thus, a convenient synthetic route to the indolocarbazoles is always in demand. Many of the recent synthetic approaches toward indolo[2,3-a]carbazole glycosides separately address the syntheses of the sugar and heterocyclic portions, leaving the glycosylation as the consummate step.1 One of the major difficulties associated with the synthesis of structurally interesting and biological active ICZ alkaloids such as Staurosporine is the regiocontrol required for the glycosylation step.2 In this work, we have established retro synthetic approach starting from 2,2’-bindole and rhamnose sugar as precursors and as shown in the Scheme 1, we have performed the total synthesis of K252d. Key steps involved are: (i) Optimization of orthoester formation from rhamnosyl bromide and 2,2`-biindole, and (ii) Rearrangement of resultant orthoester using KH in DMF in order to obtain the required stereochemistry of K-252d.

Hydrogels represent a cutting-edge approach for the controlled delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs like celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor with significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This study presents the development and evaluation of an ammonia-responsive hydrogel system specifically tailored to encapsulate celecoxib and facilitate its on-demand release. The hydrogel carrier, formulated using pH- and stimuli-sensitive crosslinking chemistries, remains stable under physiological conditions but undergoes rapid disintegration upon exposure to elevated ammonia levels—simulating the pathophysiological microenvironment of inflamed or infected tissues. This disintegration mechanism enables burst release of celecoxib, providing immediate therapeutic concentrations at the target site. In vitro characterization demonstrated that the hydrogel maintains mechanical integrity and biocompatibility prior to ammonia exposure. Upon triggering, it exhibited swift network breakdown and complete celecoxib release within a therapeutically relevant timeframe. Such ammonia-triggered, site-specific delivery offers a promising strategy for maximizing the local efficacy of celecoxib while minimizing systemic exposure and associated side effects. This platform may be broadly applicable for the responsive delivery of other hydrophobic anti-inflammatory agents where stimulus-mediated, localized release is advantageous.

In many traditional systems of medicine, ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a highly valued medicinal plant with excellent therapeutic applications. The bioactive compounds found in Zingiber officinale show the broad range of pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. 6-Gingerol, as the most significant bioactive compound, is a potent agent effective against cancer prevention and treatment due to its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. When 6-gingerol is dehydrated in the processing route, 6-shogaol, which is also a more bioactive compound, is formed, which has better anticancer and neuroprotective properties. 6-Shogaol is hydrolyzed to 6-paradol with significant anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. Another transformation product that works synergistically with ginger to intensify its therapeutic effects is gingerone, which exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This article details the therapeutic uses, modes of action, and medicinal properties associated with these four main compounds. Knowledge of their pharmacological profiles will serve in the search for ginger-derived nonvolatile therapeutic compounds and the standardization of ginger preparations for clinical applications.

Maintaining adequate oxygen supply is crucial for the proper functioning of the brain, as disruptions in oxygen homeostasis can lead to severe consequences in brain-damaged conditions. This study investigates the dynamics of oxygen levels in cells affected by various forms of brain damage, with the aim of elucidating the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications. A comprehensive experimental approach was employed, utilizing both in vitro and in vivo models of brain injury, including traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cutting-edge techniques, such as real-time oxygen monitoring, metabolic profiling, and cellular imaging, were utilized to accurately measure and characterize the changes in oxygen levels within the affected brain regions and individual cells. The results of this study reveal complex and multifaceted alterations in oxygen homeostasis following brain damage. While initial hypoxic conditions are commonly observed, the data also suggest the subsequent development of localized regions of hyperoxia, potentially due to disruptions in the delicate balance of oxygen supply and demand. These findings shed light on the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of oxygen regulation in the injured brain, with important implications for the understanding of pathological mechanisms and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. The insights gained from this research contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the critical role of oxygen in brain function and provide valuable guidance for future investigations and clinical interventions aimed at mitigating the devastating consequences of brain damage.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, primarily characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, affecting 2–3% of individuals over the age of 65. Both central and peripheral autonomic nervous system cells are implicated. Clinical diagnosis hinges on bradykinesia and cardinal motor symptoms, alongside debilitating non-motor manifestations. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve α-synuclein proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium imbalance, oxidative stress, impaired axonal transport, and neuro-inflammation. This review explores the pathogenesis of PD, emphasizing the role of genetic variations and challenges in targeting α-synuclein. Advanced imaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging and neuromelanin-sensitive MRI, are highlighted for their diagnostic value. The management of PD symptoms is discussed through the lens of MAO-B inhibitors, alternative dopaminergic agents, and emerging treatments like deep brain stimulation (DBS) and cognitive therapies. Furthermore, the review assesses monoclonal antibodies and stem cell therapies targeting α-synuclein aggregation, and examines gene-based interventions and future directions in personalized PD medicine.

Dietary fiber plays a pivotal role in the modulation of metabolic pathways involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review critically evaluates mechanistic, epidemiological, and clinical evidence supporting the protective and therapeutic roles of various types of dietary fiber soluble, insoluble, and fermentable in metabolic disease prevention. Fermentation of fiber by gut microbiota produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which enhance insulin sensitivity, regulate lipid metabolism, and modulate inflammatory pathways. Additionally, fiber mediates glycemic control by delaying gastric emptying and improving postprandial glucose homeostasis, while also reducing serum cholesterol levels via bile acid sequestration and altered hepatic lipid synthesis. Multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses substantiate these physiological effects, underscoring fiber’s clinical efficacy in reducing body weight, lowering LDL cholesterol, and improving glycemic indices. Collectively, these findings support the integration of dietary fiber into nutritional strategies for managing metabolic syndromes. However, further stratified studies are required to elucidate individual responses based on genetic, microbiome, and ethnogeographic variability.

Chronic diabetic wounds pose a significant clinical challenge due to impaired healing mechanisms driven by oxidative stress, persistent inflammation, and disrupted cellular signalling. This study investigated the wound-healing efficacy of Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) leaf extract using an integrative in vivo and silico approach. Diabetes was induced in BALB/c mice using streptozotocin, and full-thickness excision wounds were created. Mice were divided into diabetic control, silver nitrate-treated, and C. indicum-treated groups. The herbal ointment was topically applied for five consecutive days. By Day 5, the C. indicum-treated group showed significantly greater wound contraction (63%) compared to the silver nitrate (57%) and diabetic control (50%) groups. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed upregulation of regenerative cytokines and downregulation of inflammatory markers in treated tissues. Fourteen bioactive phytochemicals were identified from C. indicum and screened for drug-likeness, followed by target prediction using network pharmacology. A total of 365 overlapping targets related to diabetic wound healing were identified, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed key hub proteins involved in PI3K-Akt, JAK-STAT, and inflammatory signalling pathways. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinities between kaempferol and selected targets, while 100-ns molecular dynamics simulations confirmed complex stability and minimal residue fluctuations. These results suggested that Combretum indicum accelerated diabetic wound healing by modulating immune and regenerative pathways. When supported by modern systems biology, the findings validated its traditional use and demonstrated its promise as a cost-effective, plant-based therapeutic agent for chronic wound management.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and debilitating neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein in the brain, leading to cognitive decline, memory loss, and eventually, death. The history of Alzheimer's disease research dates back to the early 20th century when Alois Alzheimer first described the disease in 1906. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to understand the underlying causes of AD, develop diagnostic tools, and identify potential therapeutic targets. The prevalence of AD is estimated to be 5.8 million people in the United States. The global burden of AD is estimated to be $1.2 trillion annually. There is currently no cure for AD, but several treatments are available to manage symptoms and slow disease progression. Ongoing research focuses on developing new therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, gene therapy, and lifestyle interventions. The latest proposal evolved from our initial investigation to find potential candidates for therapy or palliative care that could improve the quality of life for those with Alzheimer's disease. Senecio is the largest and most diverse genus in the Astraceae (Compositae) family, and it has more than 1,500 species. The Senecio is the most popular species in the world. Most Indian people are affected by stomach pain and gastric ulcers. Senecio candicans grows in The Nilgiris District. These people use these plant leaves with water-boiling drinks to relieve stomach pain and ulcerating symptoms. Our preliminary study showed that the phytoconstituents of Senecio candicans has promising acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity through molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies. Further, the present study is focussed on exploring the anti-alzheimers activity of Senecio candicans by in vitro and in vivo models.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NPs) is an emerging multifunctional platform in cancer diagnosis and therapy, which is attributed to its physicochemical characteristics with high surface area, biocompatibility, tunable optical properties, and photocatalyst potentialities. This review examines numerous biomedical uses of TiO2 NPs in cancer where it has been used in a targeted drug delivery, cancer biomarkers, imaging modalities such as the advanced one and theragnostic. Surface-functionalized TiO2 NPs used in diagnostics showed high sensitivity and specificity in tumor-associated biomarkers detection, as well as highly increased resolution of the imaging in the MRI, CT, and fluorescent imaging modalities. Case in point, folic acid-functionalized TiO2 NPs displayed a specificity of 92.6 percent and sensitivity of 90.1 percent in the ovarian cancer cell, and hybrid TiO2 @ Fe 3 O 4 systems increased the contrast of MRI and of CT by 178.2 and 142 HU, respectively, TiO2 NPs have demonstrated the potential of conductive controlled release of therapeutic drugs, specific tumor targeting, and enhanced therapeutic effect with minimal off-site toxicity as therapeutics themselves as well as carrier vehicles to dispersed chemotherapies and photosensitizers. Their use in the photodynamic as well as radiotherapy treatment plans has enhanced the treatment effects even more. Notably, this review draws attention to the emerging research of theranostics where, due to the use of TiO2 NPs, they allow simultaneous imaging and therapy, real-time monitoring, and personalized therapies. Nevertheless, ROS-related toxicity, biological instability and low tissue penetration are still problems. The direction of future research should be to investigate the NIR-responsive systems, increased surface modification, and ways of clinical translation.

Background Hirudin is a traditional Chinese medicine but mechanism of action in the treatment of interstitial lung disease (ILD) remain unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of action of hirudin in the treatment of ILD using a network pharmacology approach while also validating it using in vivo and in vitro experiments. Materials and Methods We conducted drug-target networks to analyze the potential protein targets of hirudin in ILD and the core targets and pathways were screened by molecular docking. In vitro and in vivo fibrosis models were induced with TGF-β1 and bleomycin, respectively. The efficacy and molecular mechanisms of hirudin were then investigated in its presence and absence. Results We identified 65 targets of hirudin treatment with ILD. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis showed that hirudin binds most securely to HIF-1α. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that hirudin significantly alleviated BLM/TGF-β-induced pulmonary fibrosis and reduced the expression of fibrotic markers. Notably, hirudin mitigated pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the HIF-1α/Notch1 pathway. Conclusions Hirudin protects against inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the HIF-1α/Notch1 signaling pathway, and represents a promising and prospective therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ILD.

Objective This work aims to evaluate the combined anti-diabetic effects of metformin and catechin in vitro and in silico. Methods In vitro, anti-diabetic potentials of (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) catechin, metformin, and a combination of catechin and metformin were studied at different concentrations using acarbose as standard. An in silico study determined their binding interactions with α-amylase (PDB ID: 1hvx) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 5zcb). The molecular docking study further revealed the binding energy and interacting residues of the docked 3D structure of the catechin, metformin, and acarbose as a standard with the α-amylase and α-glucosidase receptors. Results The result showed that a 100 μg/ml dosage of metformin and catechin demonstrated higher enzyme inhibition compared to the separate treatments. Compared to metformin and acarbose, the results of this study showed that catechin with 1hvx and 5zcb exhibited the highest binding affinity interaction via hydrogen bonding and pi-interaction. Conclusion The study's findings showed that when compared to metformin and acarbose, catechin with 1hvx and 5zcb showed the highest binding affinity relationship via hydrogen bonding and pi-interaction. Higher levels of enzyme inhibition were seen when metformin and catechin were administered together than when either medication was taken alone. Based on the aforementioned report, we deduced that metformin and catechin together had more potent anti-diabetic actions in vitro. We can conclude that catechin, in combination with metformin, may be developed into a possible oral hypoglycemic drug. High-affinity capacity catechin was found to have a strong inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The possible interaction pathways between these main inhibitors and two digestive enzymes were identified by docking studies. This study demonstrates the efficaciousness of catechin in preventing and treating post-hyperglycemia. This work suggests interesting directions for future research and clinical applications by endorsing the use of these phytocompounds as powerful anti-diabetic pharmaceuticals, either as single compounds or in combination with synthetic drugs.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious neurodegenerative condition characterized by dementia, cognitive decline, and eventual mortality. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, influenced by multiple factors including neurotransmitter deficiencies, particularly acetylcholine (ACh) and the dysregulation of mental homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide accumulation. The latter is firmly linked to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques in the cortical and hippocampal regions, which are hallmarks of the disease pathology. Recent advancements in therapeutic strategies have focused on inhibiting the amyloid-beta peptide, a key contributor to AD progression. This study explores the development of novel amyloid-beta inhibitors and their biological activities, focusing on the synthesis of radiolabeled compounds used in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, we explore the roles of crucial enzymes such as Electrophorus electricus acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE), human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE) in the disease's neurochemical landscape. The goal of this review is to furnish the scientific community with insight into the design of innovative amyloid imaging agents. These agents are based on diverse scaffolds including flavone, pyrimidine, benzimidazole, imidazole, pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline, indanone, acridine, and peptide-based derivatives, serving as core structures for further research and development. This comprehensive evaluation not only elucidates the molecular underpinnings of AD but also propels forward the quest for efficacious diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

Introduction: Molecular motors such as dynein, kinesin, and myosin, alongside β2-adrenergic receptors, play pivotal roles in muscle contraction and cardiac modulation. This study investigates the comparative binding affinities of phytocompounds derived from Heart Support Oil and conventional drugs. Materials and Methods: Cold-pressed and etheric oils from Juglans regia, Lycium barbarum, Citrus x paradisi, and Origanum vulgare were analyzed. Key components—including quercetin-diglucoside, rosmarinic acid, rutin, α-tocopherol, and linoleic acid—underwent molecular docking simulations against dynein, kinesin, myosin, and β2-adrenergic receptors, using standard computational docking protocols. Comparative ligands included clinically used beta-blockers and neuromuscular drugs. Results: Quercetin-diglucoside (-9.2 to -8.3 kcal/mol), rutin (-9.4 to -7.3 kcal/mol), and rosmarinic acid (-8.9 to -9.4 kcal/mol) displayed consistently superior binding affinities across all motor protein targets. For β2-receptors, α-tocopherol and rosmarinic acid demonstrated docking scores of -9.7 and -9.4 kcal/mol, rivaling potent pharmaceuticals such as nebivolol (-10.2 kcal/mol). Discussion: Natural phytocompounds present binding profiles comparable to or exceeding those of conventional drugs, suggesting a potential cardiomodulatory and muscle regulatory role. The data support the potential application of these oils in integrative therapeutic strategies. Conclusions: Heart Support Oil exhibits potent affinity-based modulation on key contractile proteins and cardiac receptors, warranting further in vitro and in vivo validation for clinical translation.

Leukemia is a malignancy of hematology, leading to cause hematopoietic dysfunction. There are 3 main types of leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Chronic myeloid leukemia is defined as a myeloproliferative disease that originates in an abnormal pleuripotential bone marrow stem cell and is consistently associated with a Philadelphia chromosome and/or the BCR-ABL fusion gene. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) are key phase II detoxification enzymes plays important roles in metabolism of carcinogens, reactive oxygen species, xenobiotics, and detoxification. A partial gene loss of GSTT1 (null genotypes) and GSTM1 may cause complete loss of GSTT1 and GSTM1 and enzyme activities. This study was aimed to investigate GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms in patients with CML and healthy controls in the north Indian population. In this case-control study, 70 diagnosed patients of CML and 70 healthy controls (Male-50 & Female-20) were recruited. Patients with confirmed CML cases who gave their written consent were included in the study, while the patients having other type of malignancies or having high blood pressure were excluded from the study. Hematological parameters and peripheral blood smears staining was also performed. Genotyping of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 were performed in 70 CML patients and 70 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. No significant association of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms was found in CML patients. Our findings do not support an association between GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms and CML in a north Indian population.

Background: Persistent thumb-sucking beyond 4–5 years of age can lead to dental, dermatological, and psychosocial complications. Traditional interventions often face challenges related to compliance. This study explored the use of a non-aversive, behaviorally engaging intervention: applying a Micky cartoon sticker to the thumb to reduce persistent thumb-sucking in children.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a Micky cartoon sticker as a visual and emotional reinforcement tool in managing thumb-sucking behavior among children aged 3–7 years.

Methods: In this randomized controlled study, 182 children with persistent thumb-sucking were enrolled and randomly assigned to either an intervention group (Micky sticker + positive reinforcement) or a control group (positive reinforcement only). Sticker familiarity was ensured before application. Thumb-sucking frequency was tracked by parents over 24 weeks. Primary outcomes included reduction in thumb-sucking episodes, while secondary outcomes evaluated compliance, parental satisfaction, and adverse effects. Results: At week 6, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in thumb-sucking frequency (0.8 ± 0.9 episodes/day) compared to the control group (6.0 ± 1.5; p < 0.01). By week 24, 100% of children in the intervention group had ceased thumb-sucking, while 36.5% continued in the control group. High parental compliance (85.2%) and satisfaction (79.6%) were observed in the intervention arm. Minimal adverse effects such as mild skin irritation were reported (3.7%). Conclusion: Application of a Micky cartoon sticker on the thumb is a simple, engaging, and highly effective behavioral intervention for persistent thumb-sucking. It offers a child-friendly, non-invasive alternative with high parental acceptability and minimal adverse effects, making it a promising strategy in pediatric behavioral therapy.

Globally, the non-medical use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has increased among young adults, particularly in fitness settings. Gym visitors illegally use AAS to increase the size and strength of their skeletal muscles. However, AAS use is linked to several adverse side effects, such as cardiovascular and nervous disorders. Although the illegal use of AAS is common, the prevalence and knowledge about self-administered AAS to improve body fitness are poorly documented in Basrah. A cross-sectional online survey was distributed among gym attendees aged 15–40 years from January 2025 to April 2025. The online questionnaire consisted of three sections: demographic information, investigated knowledge of AAS, and steroid regimen information. Out of 222 participants who responded to the questionnaire, 74.8% of the participants did not use AAS, and only 25.2% used AAS. Interestingly, the use of AAS was increased at 15-20 years of age (43.7%). The major source of recommendations for AAS was friends (58.9%), and the major purpose for using AAS was to increase muscle mass. Approximately 100% of steroid users surveyed had adverse effects, and these effects increased with the early and prolonged use of steroids. A significant proportion of AAS users were younger individuals with lower educational levels and non-professional athletic backgrounds; they only used AAS to boost their physical performance. The illegal use of AAS is a reality in Basrah and causes major health risks among young adults and adolescents. Therefore, educational programs are needed to warn adolescents and increase public awareness about the harmful effects of AAS abuse.

Background: This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare access in Iran, with a focus on equitable access across socioeconomic strata. It considers urban density and living conditions in health planning and aims to prioritize interventions for vulnerable groups using predictive analytics, while also accounting for changes in air quality.

Methods: Data from the Coronavirus Control Operations Headquarters (CCOH) and the Statistics Center of Tehran encompassed 2,874 patients. The analysis highlighted a significant relationship between urban planning and disease transmission, particularly linking housing area size to infection rates. The data was utilized to examine the relationship between ICU admission status and various factors across urban and suburban areas, emphasizing the critical role of living conditions in health outcomes during the pandemic.

Results: Hospitalized patients in Tehran experienced a notably high fatality rate of 14.9%. A significant majority of COVID-19 patients (73%) resided in urban areas, where urban living was associated with higher ICU admission rates. Individuals aged 30-39 were over three times more likely to require ICU admission compared to those aged 18 and younger (p = 0.0376). Conclusion: The study confirms that urban patients have a higher likelihood of ICU admission, influenced by factors such as age, gender, region, and respiratory symptoms. Additionally, disparities in testing, treatment, and ICU availability contribute to elevated mortality rates.

Introduction: The pharmaceutical industry is rapidly integrating digital technologies to accelerate research and drug development processes. Artificial intelligence based digital transformation progresses, the intersection of drug discovery and cybersecurity becomes increasingly significant. With the use of artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and cloud computing, the protection of intellectual property, patient information, and research data is more critical than ever.

Objective:This review study aims to analyze the role of cybersecurity in drug discovery, identifying common cyber threats, outlining regulatory compliance requirements, and emphasizing best practices to safeguard pharmaceutical data and research integrity.

Method: The study shows a qualitative review methodology, drawing from published literature, regulatory documents, and case studies to examine the cybersecurity landscape in drug discovery. Key areas focus include digital vulnerabilities, regulatory frameworks, and the integration of artificial intelligence in cybersecurity mechanisms. Results: The review study highlights that cybersecurity threats in the pharmaceutical sector are on the rise, especially with increasing dependence on digital technologies in clinical trials and collaborative research. Regulatory standards e.g., HIPAA, GDPR, and GCP have created a compliance-driven approach to managing digital security. Artificial intelligence powered cybersecurity tools have emerged as essential components in detecting and mitigating threats in real-time. Discussion: Digitalization has improved the efficiency of clinical trials by streamlining data gathering, patient tracking, and research collaboration. However, it has also introduced risks related to unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyberattacks. The implementation of robust cybersecurity frameworks technology and adherence to regulations ensure data protection and ethical research conduct. Artificial intelligence is proving to be a powerful tool in predictive threat detection and compliance monitoring. Conclusion: The integration of cybersecurity technology in drug discovery is not just a technological necessity but a strategic imperative. With increasing reliance on digital infrastructure, protecting sensitive data and maintaining regulatory compliance are vital to ensuring safe, ethical, and efficient drug development. Strong cybersecurity measures supported by artificial intelligence and regulatory compliance are key to preserving the integrity and success of modern pharmaceutical research.

Introduction In the Russian Federation, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for 47% of total mortality, with ischemic heart disease (IHD) being the leading cause, responsible for 27% of annual deaths. Aim of the Study To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an algorithm designed to enhance the efficacy of stress electrocardiography in detecting ischemic heart disease. This algorithm integrates machine learning with the analysis of exhaled breath volatiles (volatome). Design and Methods The study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06181799) enrolled 80 patients (51.25% male, 48.75% female) aged over 40 years. All participants underwent stress-perfusion imaging as the reference standard to confirm or exclude induced myocardial ischemia. Based on the results, two groups were formed: Group 1 (n=31) with induced ischemia and Group 2 (n=49) without. Participants in both groups underwent real-time proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS-1000) of exhaled breath at rest, followed by bicycle ergometry using the Bruce protocol and a modified Bruce protocol. Post-exercise breath samples were collected immediately after testing and 3 minutes post-recovery. Data processing included averaging mass spectrometry metrics, selecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with the highest weights, and identifying ischemia-associated features. A resampling procedure (1/3 of data, 1000 repetitions) was applied, followed by the development of a gradient boosting model to determine significant VOCs. Median coefficients for key markers were calculated, and Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV) was performed for the top 5 indicators. Finally, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were compared between conventional stress electrocardiography and the modified volatome-based algorithm. Results In patients with IHD, AI-driven volatome analysis identified VOCs associated with myocardial ischemia. The gradient boosting algorithm achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 84% (sensitivity 0.84, specificity 0.78), surpassing conventional stress electrocardiography (51% accuracy; sensitivity 0.48, specificity 0.53). Conclusion Integrating volatome analysis with machine learning algorithms enhances diagnostic efficacy for IHD compared to traditional stress electrocardiography. These findings highlight the potential for non-invasive early diagnostic methods, though validation studies in larger cohorts are warranted.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare delivery, with applications ranging from diagnostic algorithms and clinical decision support systems to predictive analytics and robotic interventions. Alongside these advancements, significant ethical challenges have emerged particularly concerning patient privacy, informed consent, algorithmic bias, transparency, and accountability. This presentation critically examines the ethical considerations inherent in AI-enabled healthcare, emphasizing the need to preserve human dignity, autonomy, and equity in care. Core issues include the potential for machine learning models to replicate and amplify systemic biases, the opacity of algorithmic decision-making, and the shifting dynamics of responsibility between clinicians and AI systems. Drawing upon global ethical guidelines and healthcare policy frameworks, the session offers a structured approach to evaluating and mitigating risks associated with AI integration. It advocates for a balance between innovation and regulation through inclusive governance, interdisciplinary collaboration, and continuous ethical assessment.

Recent years have seen a major expansion of the biomedical systems, which has increased employment and income. In the past, the only method available to diagnose illnesses and abnormalities in the human body was a physcal examination. For the course of their therapy, the majority of patients had to remain in the hospital. Biomedical costs have increased as a result, and biomedical facilities in remote and rural locations are overworked. Thanks to technological breakthroughs, it is now possible to diagnose many illnesses and monitor health using tiny sensors placed in wristbands. Advancements in technology have completely transformed the biomedical system, shifting its focus from hospitals to patients . Many medical tests, such as blood pres sure and blood glucose levels, can be performed at home without the help of a biomedical specialist. Advanced computing technology can be used to deliver clinical data from remote places to biomedical centers. In the field of bio-medicine, Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) have immense potential to transform healthcare. It is also critical to understand the issues and difficulties with ML-enabled loT in biomedical applications.

Segmenting a brain tumour is an intriguing and important topic in medicine. Brain tumour segmentation's primary goal is to find the location and extent of brain tumour, which aids in its successful therapeutic therapy. When cells in brain or central nervous system develop abnormally then there is a chance of occurrence of brain tumour. One can categorise it as either primary or metastatic. Utilising MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is common ways to identify brain tumours. But because various radiologists could have different viewpoints, it is better to employ cutting-edge model for brain tumour segmentation, like the U-Net architecture. Our proposed U-Net model was trained and validated on MRI datasets, achieving better performance than existing methods like Thresholding, K-Means, and Fuzzy C often produce noisy and inconsistent results. Deep learning approaches, especially U-Net architecture, have shown superior accuracy in medical image segmentation due to their encoder-decoder design and ability to capture spatial features effectively. Comparative results show that U-Net delivers cleaner, more accurate tumor segmentation, making it a reliable tool in clinical practice.